My dear friends! I came across the similar discussion a few days ago and it gave me an idea of starting mine. Honestly, I didn't like that discussion as its author just said we use Latin abbreviations, but didn't explain their meanings. So, I am going to explain what they mean and how to use them. I have a list of such words and abbreviations in a paper book, but I don't have its digital copy. So, I decided to type them here from time to time with my explanations. Today I am posting the words from A to C inclusive. If you need any examples, just tell me. You may also need the transcriptions, just tell me (to be honest, tell Tanya. She knows transcription signs! Ha-ha!)!
I'd like to say that Latin is mostly used in official contexts or in science, especially natural science. But those who speak such language at work, often use it in everyday situations. I'll give you a funny example, OK? If I come home late, my wife is used to saing "I knew it a priori!". And I say to myself "You say it ad infinitum!" Ha-ha! Have you got the idea? The example is just for you to smile or laugh as learning the Latin language is not what any students like. I remember myself being taught Latin and I tell you, it was the only one subject I hated! But later on, when I started studying and then, teaching natural science, I realized I do need that vocabulary.
Well, I think you will find this information useful working your jobs or reading different texts. Here is what I've managed to type and to edit today:
ab initio [ˌæbɪ'nɪʃɪəu] | from the beginning (used in formal texts) |
а. с. (ante cibum) [‘ei’si:] | before meals (in prescriptions) |
ab ovo [æb'əuvəu] | from the very beginning |
addenda [ə'dendə] | р1. addendum |
addendum [ə'dendəm] | an item of additional material added at the end of a book or other publication |
A. D. (Anno Domini) [‘ei’di:] | used to indicate that a date comes the specified number of years after the traditional date of Christ's birth |
ad hoc [ˌæd'hɔk] | created or done for a particular purpose as necessary |
ad infinitum [ˌædɪnfɪ'naɪtəm] | again and again in the same way; forever |
ad interim [ˌæd'ɪntərɪm] | for an intervening or temporary period of time |
a. m. (ante meridiem) | before noon (from midnight till noon) |
a posteriori [ˌeɪpɔsˌterɪ'ɔːraɪ] | based on reasoning from known facts or past events rather than by making assumptions or predictions |
a priori [ˌeɪpraɪ'ɔːraɪ] | based on theoretical deduction rather than empirical observation |
B. C. (before Christ) | is used in dates to indicate a number of years or cenuries before the year in which Jesus Christ is believed to have been born |
c. (circa) ['sɜːkə] | is used in front of a particular year to say that this an approximate date when something happened or was made |
ceteris paribus [ˌketərɪs'pærɪbəs ], [ˌsetərɪs -] | with other conditions remaining the same |
cf. (confer) [kən'fɜː] | compare with (used to refer a reader to another written work or another part of the same written work |
corrigendum [ˌkɔrɪ'ʤendəm] | a thing to be corrected, typically an error in a printed d book |
corrigenda [ˌkɔrɪ'ʤendə] | a list of such errors |
cum [kʌm] | combined with; also used to describe things with a dual nature or function |
Well, I am adding some more and will try to finish this list today, but I am not sure I will be able to.
e. g. (exempli gratia) | for example |
e. r. (en route) [ˌɑːn'ruːt] | during the course of a journey; on the way (French) |
errata [e'rɑːtə ], [iː-] | pl. erratum; a list of corrected errors appended to a book or published in a subsequent issue of a journal |
erratum [e'rɑːtəm ], [iː-] | an error in printing or writing |
et al. (et alii) [et'eɪlɪaɪ] | and others (used especially in referring to academic books or articles that have more than one author) |
etc. (et cetera) [set(ə)rə ], [et-] | And so on ( is used at the end of a list to indicate that you have mentioned only some of the items involved and have not given a full list) |
et seq. (et sequentia) ['ɪt sɪ'kwen(t)ʃ(ə) | and what follows (used in page references) |
foci ['fəukɪ] | pl. focus |
focus ['fəukəs] | the center of interest or activity |
f.v. (folio verso) | on the back of the page |
ibid.(ibidem) ['ɪbɪdem ], [ɪ'baɪ-] | in the same source (used to save space in textual references to a quoted work which has been mentioned in a previous reference) |
id (idem) ['ɪdem ], ['aɪdem] | the same (used in citations to indicate an author or word that has just been mentioned) |
i. e. (id est) | that is to say (used to add explanatory information or to state something in different words) |
in ex. (in extenso) [ˌin əkˈstensō] | in full; at length |
in loc. Cit. (in loco citato ) [in ˌlōkō saɪ'teɪtəu] | in the place cited |
in parvo [‘in ‘pɑːrvō] | not much, a little |
in re [ˌɪn'reɪ] | In the matter of; in the legal case of; with regard to |
in situ [ˌɪn'sɪtjuː ], [-'saɪ- ], [-ʧuː] | in the original place |
in toto [ˌin ˈtōtō] | as a whole; in all; overall |
in vitro [ɪn'viːtrəu] | In glass (of processes or reactions taking place in a test tube, culture dish, or elsewhere outside a living organism) |
in vivo [ɪn ˈviːvəʊ] | in a living thing (of processes)taking place in a living organism .The opposite of in vitro) |
int. al. (inter alia) ['ɪntər'eɪlɪə] | among other things |
ipso facto [ˌɪpsəu'fæktəu], [ˈipsō ˈfaktō] | by that very fact or act |
Well, my friends! Here is the last part of this list. Of course, there are much more Latin and other foreign words used in English. This list contains the words and abbreviations often used in natural sciense. Many of them are also widely used in different legal documents.
loc. cit (loco citato) [lōkō saɪ'teɪtəu] | in the passage already cited |
loci ['ləusaɪ], [lo͟ʊkaɪ] | pl. locus |
locus [lo͟ʊkəs] | a particular position or place where something occurs or is situated |
med. (medium) ['miːdɪəm] | halfway between two extremes of size, amount, length, etc.; average |
memo (memorandum) [ˌmem(ə)'rændəm] | a short official note that is sent by one person to another within the same company or organization. |
modus operandi [ˌməudəsˌɔpə'rændiː] | a particular way or method of doing something |
mutatis mutandis [muːˌtɑːtiːsmu'tændiːs] | used when comparing two or more cases or situations making necessary alterations while not affecting the main point at issue |
nota bene [ˌnəutɑː'beneɪ ], [ˌnəutə'biːnɪ] | (used in written text to draw attention to what follows) observe carefully or take special notice |
nuclei ['njuːklɪaɪ] | pl. nucleus |
nucleus ['njuːklɪəs] | the central and most important part of an object, movement, or group, forming the basis for its activity and growth |
op. cit. (opere citato) ['ɔp(ə)rə saɪ'teɪtəu ] | in the work already cited |
par example [pɑːr [ɪg'zɑːmpl ], [eg'zæmpl]] | for example |
par excellence [pɑː(r)'eks(ə)l(ə)n(t)s] | better or more than all others of the same kind (French) |
pari passu [ˌpɑːrɪ'pɑːsu] | side by side; at the same rate or on an equal footing |
per capita [pə'kæpɪtə] | for each person; in relation to people taken individually |
per se [ˌpɜː'seɪ] | by or in itself or themselves; intrinsically |
p. m. (post meridiem) | after noon (from noon till midnight) |
prima facie [ˌpraɪmə'feɪʃɪ ], [-sɪ] | based on the first impression; accepted as correct until proved otherwise |
pro forma [pro͟ʊ fɔ͟ː(r)mə] | denoting a standard document or form, especially an invoice sent in advance of or with goods supplied |
pro rata ['prəʊ 'rɑːtə] | proportional(ly) |
q.l. (quantum libet) | as much as you please |
qv (quod vide) | which (word, item, etc.) see |
re [reɪ] | in the matter of (used typically as the first word in the heading of an official document or to introduce a reference in a formal letter) |
s. a. (sine anno) | semiannual |
s. d. (sine die) | (with reference to business or proceedings that have been adjourned) with no appointed date for resumption |
sic [sɪk] | used in brackets after a copied or quoted word that appears odd or erroneous to show that the word is quoted exactly as it stands in the original |
terra incognita [ˈterə ˌinkägˈnētə, inˈkägnitə] | unknown or unexplored territory |
u.i. (ut infra) [ʊt 'ɪnfrɑː] | as below |
ut sup (ut supra) [ʊt 'suːprɑː] | as above |
versus (vers, vs) ['vɜːsəs] | against (especially in sporting and legal use) |
vice versa (v.v.) [ˌvaɪsɪ'vɜːsə] | is used to indicate that the reverse of what you have said is true |
vide infra ['vaɪdɪ 'ɪnfrə] | as mentioned below |
vide supra['vaɪdɪ 's(j)uːprə] | as mentioned above |
viz (videlicet) [vɪ'diːlɪset] | namely: used to specify items, examples, etc |
vulgo ['vʌlgəu] | usually |
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Comments
Yes, dear! I am quite serious as I am a professional teacher
Seriously? ^^ Yeah, I see some unique abbreviations that I never saw on dictionaries.
March 2016, I was somewhere....LOL. Thanks for the good idea, Teacher. Let's see! :)
Dear Onee, I wonder you have missed it! LOL! Anyway, I think that such information should belong to all EC members whatever happens with me. It is quite unique. You can hardly find such a list in any dictionary or a site. You are a mod now and you can propose such an idea to our admins.
How did I miss this..! Thank you for this useful info......Teacher Dan.
I remember TERRA INCOGNITA. I really like this word.
"I want to go somewhere, in TERRA INCOGNITA." :)
Dear Ann! Let me specify something about BC and AD. The year in which Jesus Christ is believed to have been born is 1AD. The next year was 2AD, the previous year was 1BC, the year before was 2BC. So, in sequence it was 2BC, 1BC, 1AD, 2AD and till 2016AD. These is no a year number 0. Is it clear now?
And thank you for correcting your typing mistake "i.g" before I tell you. :D
Thank you so much!
Dear Expector Smith! Just happy you haven't been offended by our inattention. But "Inspector" sounds funny, isn't it?
Thank you for taking part in my discussions. I am so proud of that!
Dear Danny,
Thank you for the instant reply. I enjoyed the name 'Inspector':) Anyway, 'Expector' is just a pseudonym.
Yes, we also need to understand what others say when they're using Latin words - it's not enough to just recognize them when you're reading. So, it makes sense to know how to pronounce them correctly.
Thanks again! keep it up!
Dear Expector Smith! I am so sorry we both called you "Inspector". You see, when we talk to each other, we usually say "inspector" (just because you are a moderator, it is like a joke)and I have noticed our mistake only now. I believe it is not a big deal but, as I see now, choosing your login you meant absolutely different. I hope you will excuse us both.
Well, let me reply to your comment. I am not sure it is really necessary to recognize Latin words, but I am sure we all should know what they mean. Tanya used "pro tanto" in her comment instead of "respectively" as it is more common. Sure, you should recognize those words when you hear them as we use Latin all the time.
For those who are interested I can recommend Lingvo x 5 dictionary where you can hear both British and American pronunciation. I often use this dictionary reading foreign literature.